What was beneath the feet of a 14th-centure LONDONER?
First ingredient，is soaking wet mud.With few pavements or solid road surfaces.
Ingredient number two,animal dung.
Any part of a carcass not worth eating would have been dumped in the road.
Old rotting fish
Beer,Urine...
patten 一種夯土的套鞋
當(dāng)時(shí)中國修路大概使用 糯米和小孩的屎摻雜在黃土里，事后用糖果引一群小孩成天在上面玩耍，以夯實(shí)地面。例如頤和園某塊場地就是這么鋪成的。

王小波的小說《紅拂夜奔》里提到過...
洛陽城是泥土著稱的，都不吃，除了屙屎什么都不干，所以能屙出最純凈的屎），放進(jìn)模土是用最遠(yuǎn)處的黃土，放到蒸籠里蒸軟后，摻上小孩子屙的屎（這小小孩除了豆面什么板筑成城墻，過上一百年，那城墻就會(huì)變成豆青色，仿佛可以歷千年而不倒。

 這個(gè) 的主持人還原歷史場景的精神勇氣可嘉。



The infrastructure isn't there. The history of cleanliness is a bit like a small child who's going to go to the loo,they don't mention anything until they're absolutely desperate.

不到無法容忍的地步絕不理衛(wèi)生狀況...



(Ebbgate Lane)

Assize od Nuisance (《麻煩事法令》)
英法都有數(shù)量驚人的民眾抱怨記錄，這不僅僅是抱怨記錄，也是改革史revolutionary

NIMBY-ism （強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)在自己住處附近設(shè)立任何危險(xiǎn)性事物）


3 new professions，14th
1 muck rakers （拾荒者）
2 bin man （垃圾箱清理工）
3 gong-farmers （掏糞工）
（six tons of human and animal waste in one night）

14th century England was a pretty dangerous place ，the average life expectancy was 35.

29th of March 1349，just five mounths into the plague epidemic



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street of 18th-century PARIS

[Oue Mouffetard] meant putrid stench---River Biever

tanning 制革業(yè)

he Palace of Versailes
Over 2000 people lived and worked in the palace,and with few toilets and hundreds of visitors every day,is's claimed that people had to relive themselves almost anywhere.

Marie Antoinette was infamous for spending hours at a time in the bath,In fact,she used to have her lunch in thr bath.In such a filthy,dirty age,this was considered strange behavious。

dredging the Seine，which at the moument is nothing but a sewer.

        They believed the king would act in their interestings and alleviate the filth and degradation piled upon them,but after all this effort,when the complaints were read at the Palace of Versailles in May 1789,it was a total sham.The scale of the problems were so vast that the king,with little money or inclination to take on this challenge,changed nothing.
國家榨取稅收，卻沒錢改善環(huán)境，于是造反必不可免。
(提到法國，好像什么話題都會(huì)提到大革命。不過這是一個(gè)十分重要的方面。）

濫用斷頭臺(tái)guillotine的后果是尸體太多
Piled of decapitated bodies and severed head made for an unberably grisly city

smallpox bbc化妝師野心真是不小，居然想試試專家的眼力。18世紀(jì)的法國天花是十分流行的，狄更斯《bleak house》中的女主角summerson也感染過這種可怕的毀容病。
拿破侖為巴黎的環(huán)境改善做了不少好事，他的侄子Louis Napoleon又在1850年擴(kuò)建下水道，比原先擴(kuò)大了20倍。
Over 600 kiometres of tunnels were built，funnelling all the waste water away from the city。巴黎的下水道是聞名的，雨果小說里很多追逐場景都發(fā)生在錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的下水道中。---下水道是城市的良心。

Tarmac柏油路 A Scottish invention but used here in Paris for the first time。
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NEW YORK
1906 The Croton Aqueduct
dammed the Croton River，north of New York


chinatown and little italy

其中一個(gè)平民窟讓人印象深刻，兩扇門面對(duì)面處在一個(gè)成夾角的走廊末端，這個(gè)夾角估計(jì)只有30度。人要側(cè)著身體走進(jìn)去。那種“機(jī)智”的手段在當(dāng)今中國房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商也是不多見的。
humans fight a never-ending battle against our own waste

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看過這三座光鮮無比的大都市不堪回首的過去，帝都、魔都也小巫見大巫了，吸取經(jīng)驗(yàn)吧。